Historic Harlem On My Mind..Part 3 - John Edward Bruce, Black Nationalist

Besides having three first names, John Edward Bruce was a Harlem resident who was a major figure in the Marcus Garvey’s movement. Born into slavery in 1856, Bruce, until his death in 1924, was a prolific writer for over one hundred newspapers, author of poetry, plays, short stories and a novel. Before joining forces with Marcus Garvey and his race first ideology, Bruce was a tireless advocate for racial inclusion. In this role, he criticized the Republican party (of which he supported) to take an aggressive stand against lynching, political disfranchisement and Jim Crow segregation. In this effort, Bruce joined various organizations including the Afro-American League, the Afro-American Council, the American Negro Academy and the Niagara Movement. Bruce realized that an oppressed people in a racist society had limited means to seek equality. It is for this reason that while he at times argued for militant retaliation against white oppressors, he preferred to fight racism intellectually. Bruce believed that African people had knowledge of greatness that had been denied them via racist textbooks. He devoted his life to exposing to a doubting world the achievements of African people in medicine, wars, inventions, philosophy and other areas. He took pride when King Tut’s tomb was revealed by archeologists because it validated the genius of Africans and it boldly informed the world that Egyptians were Africans and not sun tanned Europeans. 

Bruce was active in the lyceum movement to teach African studies in libraries and meeting halls to offset the Eurocentric teaching of public school education. It was in this vein to teach true history that Bruce and Arthur Schomburg organized in Yonkers in 1911 the Negro Society For Historical Research which collected pamphlets, provided lectures, and disseminated knowledge of the African diaspora. Although this effort was quickly supplanted in 1915 by the better organized and financed Association for the Study of Negro Life and History which was established  by Dr. Carter G. Woodson, a Harvard Ph.D, Bruce supported his competitor and eagerly recommended Woodson’s Journal of Negro History to his followers. Although he initially did not embrace Marcus Garvey when he arrived in New York in 1916, Bruce decided on a cold October 1919 night after hearing the Jamaican speak that Garvey offered the best solution to America’s race problem. Once, he considered America the home of African people, Bruce now agreed with Garvey that the black person’s destiny resided in emigration to the motherland. “THINK BLACK” he urged readers of the Negro World “for every white man in this country is thinking white.” 

Throughout the decades, Bruce had corresponded with pan-Africanists in Nigeria, the Gold Coast (Ghana), Liberia and Sierre Leone. In this capacity, he was instrumental in introducing Garvey to influential players on the continent. Bruce’ s writings in the Negro World and the Negro Daily Times help also to spread the ideas of Garveyism throughout the United States, the Caribbean, Africa and Central America. A grateful Garvey knighted Bruce as Duke of Uganda in the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s royalty. Bruce diligently sought to aid the Garvey movement’s effort at establishing trade relations between the UNIA and Liberia by entertaining in his Harlem homes ( 260 West 136^th Street, 65 West 134th Street and 2170 Madison Avenue) African dignitaries. 

Bruce’s funeral in 1924 attracted thousands in two services and he was widely eulogized throughout the diaspora. His close friend Arthur Schomburg pin-pointed Bruce’s significant role as a race first model: Bruce, he noted, was one of those “who think and act and sleep NEGRO.” This is a fitting description of a man who vigorously advocated that the history of African people needed to be disseminated in the classroom. Bruce greatest legacy is that universities and colleges not only in the United States but in many nations including Italy, France, Germany and Japan have curriculums devoted to the literature, culture and history of Africans wherever they have resided. 

William Seraile, Ph.D

Source: William Seraile, Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce

Historic Harlem on My Mind, Part 2 - Harlem’s Colored Orphan Asylum

New York City is an always changing landscape. Very few things remained as they were; like fallen snowflakes, they linger for awhile and in the warmth of the spring we cannot remember what they looked like or exactly where they had fallen. Like people, institutions die and fade away from our collective memories. Such a place was Harlem’s Colored Orphan Asylum situated at 143^rd and Amsterdam Avenue from 1867 to 1907. A few blocks away, at 136^th Street,was the Hebrew Orphan Asylum. The COA was founded in 1836 by three remarkable Quaker women: Anna Shotwell, Mary Murray and Hannah Shotwell Murray. Its first location was 6^th Avenue and 12^th  Street but there is nothing there to tell you of its existence. A decade later it was situated at Fifth Avenue between 43^rd and 44^th Streets. 

 

Children of colored-be they orphans, half-orphans (with a parent), neglected or, later, delinquent- were cared for by these “angels of mercy.” The work of the women was aided by financial help from New York’s elite families such as the children of  Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay, R. H. Macy, John Jacob Astor, the grandparents and parents of Theodore Roosevelt, James Lenox and others. Poor as they were, the black community contributed meager funds, non-perishable goods, and free labor to keep the orphanage in business. One of the nation’s famous abolitionist was connected to the institution for twenty years as a resident physician. James McCune Smith, a product of the African Free School, was educated in Scotland as American prejudice drove him across the ocean. Smith was a radical abolitionist and one who quickly dismiss racist theories of African inferiority. Smith’s death in 1865 was a double blow: It deprived the orphanage of a first rate physician and it eliminated a liaison from the community to the institution. 

The Colored Orphan Asylum cared for about 15,000 children from 1836 until its closing in 1946. Some were enslaved children abandoned by fugitives en route to Canada. A few came from Africa and Cuba. The far west sent some Native American children and some whites were admitted after the passage of a 1944 anti-discrimination law in New York. Nine of the boys served in the Civil War.  One was James Henry Gooding who was born into slavery but was brought to the institution as a young child. He served in the Massachusetts 54^th regiment that was featured in the movie Glory. Gooding’s fame came from writing President Lincoln informing the commander-in-chief that men of color received less pay than their white counterparts even though they had the same responsibilities and faced the same dangerous. Eventually Congress provided funds to rectify the blatant racism. Later, some were enlisted in the 369^th Regiment better known as Harlem Hell Fighters during World War 1. Nearly all the children were indentured at age twelve with boys working in the fields and girls in homes. Unfortunately, few were given assignments in New York City as the managers considered cities to be sources of vices and lost virtues. This meant that young, vulnerable and immature children were often sent hundreds of miles away from their nurturing environment in the orphanage and away from siblings left behind in the institution. Loneliness combined with immaturity caused some to destroy property, maim animals and physically attack members of the host family. In turn, despite background checks, some employers were cruel towards their charges even after the enactment of laws preventing cruelty against children (which came after laws preventing cruelty to animals).

The Colored Orphan Asylum overcame many obstacles including financial distress, fires, wars and ultimately the destruction of their building during the July 1863 Draft Riots as Irish mobs incensed over being forced to fight to end slavery attacked African Americans and their abolitionist supporters in a frenzy of violence that destroyed lives and property. The mob drove out over two hundred children and stole all the furnishings, bedding, utensils and anything they could carry before torching the building. Homeless, the managers had to find temporary shelter for several years until they bought land in Harlem. Their home at present day 143^rd and Amsterdam faced Broadway and remained the training ground for thousands of young people until 1907.  The recent completion of the subway lines through Harlem raised the property value to a level that selling the land made a profit for the orphanage. They moved to Riverdale where they remained until 1946. By then, the institution was an orphanage mainly in name as most of the children were neglected or delinquents sent by the juvenile courts. Indenturing was no longer practice as it was replaced by foster homes. By the 1940s, prominent African Americans such as Marian Anderson, Joe Louis, Duke Ellington, Bill “Bojangles” Robinson, Roy Wilkins and Audre Delany were associated with the institution.

Over the past 177 years the Colored Orphan Asylum nurtured multitudes who served society as nurses, teachers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen. Former resident and a retired police officer Fitz Harvey described his stay during the early 1940s as a salvation that kept him out of the streets and ultimately prison. After a series of mergers, the spirit of the founding Quaker women is still alive in Harlem Dowling-West Side Center for Children and Family Services, the successor to the Colored Orphan Asylum. 

William Seraile, Ph.D

Source: William Seraile, Angels of Mercy:White Women and the History of New York’s Colored Orphan Asylum.(Fordham University Press)